{"id":8721,"date":"2021-11-08T15:42:07","date_gmt":"2021-11-08T15:42:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.amarintech.com\/?p=8721"},"modified":"2022-05-23T11:15:57","modified_gmt":"2022-05-23T11:15:57","slug":"search-for-alternative-methods-for-animal-experimentation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/amarintech.com\/es\/search-for-alternative-methods-for-animal-experimentation\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00fasqueda de m\u00e9todos alternativos para la experimentaci\u00f3n en animales"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8721\" class=\"elementor elementor-8721\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c78867c elementor-section-height-min-height she-header-yes elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-eae-slider=\"35696\" data-id=\"c78867c\" data-element_type=\"section\" 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class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">B\u00fasqueda de m\u00e9todos alternativos para la experimentaci\u00f3n en animales<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14ba787 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14ba787\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"p1\"><strong>Francisco Stefano \u2013 <\/strong>Director<br \/><strong>Mailen Ag\u00fcero \u2013 <\/strong>Analista de Desarrollo de Negocios<strong><br \/><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-62b6c1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-eae-slider=\"77645\" 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>En los \u00faltimos a\u00f1os, los laboratorios han estado investigando nuevas alternativas para eliminar o evitar los testeos en animales de productos cosm\u00e9ticos y m\u00e9dicos.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-128d381 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"128d381\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/amarintech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/mys-768x512.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-8722\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/amarintech.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/mys-768x512.png 768w, 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>La utilizaci\u00f3n de animales en las tareas de investigaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica ha desempe\u00f1ado un papel vital para el desarrollo de las ciencias y contribuido en manera especial a facilitar el conocimiento y tratamiento de las enfermedades humanas.<\/p><p>Se puede afirmar que una parte importante de los progresos m\u00e9dicos que han producido decisivos y positivos cambios en la calidad de vida alrededor del mundo se debe a la utilizaci\u00f3n de animales en la experimentaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Se estima que m\u00e1s de <strong>100 millones de animales<\/strong> son utilizados como herramientas para la investigaci\u00f3n biom\u00e9dica y en pruebas de la industria para el consumo humano. En todos estos procedimientos <strong>el animal sufre de manera importante y la mayor\u00eda termina muriendo.<\/strong><\/p><p>El crecimiento del uso de animales de laboratorio o de experimentaci\u00f3n, produjo el despertar de una <strong>conducta \u00e9tica<\/strong>: cu\u00e1n necesario es esta utilizaci\u00f3n y a cu\u00e1nto da\u00f1o y sufrimiento puede el humano someter al animal en b\u00fasqueda de un resultado experimental.<\/p><p>Fue el reconocimiento del sufrimiento del animal y el deseo de liberarlo de ese dolor, junto con estas dificultades que conllevan las pruebas en especies no humanas; lo que gener\u00f3 la iniciativa de buscar <strong>t\u00e9cnicas alternativas<\/strong> m\u00e1s efectivas y que no conlleven el uso de animales.<\/p><p>Este planteo \u00e9tico creci\u00f3 fuertemente en el Reino Unido y condujo a un estudio de los Doctores WMS Russell y RL Burch quienes publicaron, en 1959, sus conclusiones. A partir de este libro nace el concepto de <strong>las 3 R (Remplazo, Reducci\u00f3n, Refinamiento) <\/strong>que constituye el marco \u00e9tico para la experimentaci\u00f3n animal.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td><p><strong>Remplazo<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p>Desarrollo de m\u00e9todos o tecnolog\u00edas que reemplazan o evitan la utilizaci\u00f3n de animales de experimentaci\u00f3n.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><strong>Reducci\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p>Optimizaci\u00f3n del dise\u00f1o experimental para producir resultados robustos y reproducibles con el m\u00ednimo n\u00famero de animales.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><p><strong>Refinamiento<\/strong><\/p><\/td><td><p>Aumentar el bienestar del animal en cautiverio y reconocer la influencia que tiene en los resultados experimentales el buen trato al animal.<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p>En el campo del desarrollo de productos cosm\u00e9ticos y farmac\u00e9uticos se ha puesto gran inter\u00e9s y tratamiento en el desarrollo de m\u00e9todos de reemplazo para el estudio de la absorci\u00f3n del principio activo.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2><strong>\u00bfCu\u00e1l es la situaci\u00f3n normativa y regulatoria\u00a0<\/strong><strong style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 2rem;\">en Latinoam\u00e9rica y la Uni\u00f3n Europea?<\/strong><\/h2><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>Las medidas adoptadas por la<strong> Uni\u00f3n Europea<\/strong> contribuyeron para reducir las pruebas en animales en la industria y fomentaron la b\u00fasqueda de t\u00e9cnicas alternativas. Algunas de estas fueron la abolici\u00f3n de las pruebas con animales en la industria de los cosm\u00e9ticos en todo su territorio en el 2009, seguida de la prohibici\u00f3n de la entrada y el uso de materias primas probadas en los pa\u00edses que permiten ese tipo de experimentaci\u00f3n, en el 2013.<\/p><p>En Latinoam\u00e9rica, el pa\u00eds m\u00e1s avanzado en este aspecto es <strong>Brasil<\/strong>En el a\u00f1o 2008, se cre\u00f3 el <strong>CONCEA <\/strong>(Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta\u00e7\u00e3o Animal), su objetivo era promover la legislaci\u00f3n que regulara el uso de animales en la industria y monitorear y evaluar el empleo de m\u00e9todos alternativos que reemplacen el uso de animales en ense\u00f1anza e investigaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>Y en 2014, el CONCEA emiti\u00f3 una resoluci\u00f3n por la que se aprobaban varios m\u00e9todos alternativos para la evaluaci\u00f3n de irritaci\u00f3n y corrosi\u00f3n d\u00e9rmica, irritaci\u00f3n y corrosi\u00f3n ocular, fototoxicidad, absorci\u00f3n d\u00e9rmica, sensibilizaci\u00f3n d\u00e9rmica y toxicidad aguda, genotixicidad.<\/p><p>En l\u00ednea con estas iniciativas, en 2015, el organismo regulador de Brasil, ANVISA, emiti\u00f3 una resoluci\u00f3n que otorgaba prioridad a 17 m\u00e9todos alternativos por sobre los m\u00e9todos que utilizan animales para la evaluaci\u00f3n de seguridad de productos. De este modo, Brasil se puso a la cabeza de esta tendencia en la regi\u00f3n latinoamericana.<\/p><p>En el a\u00f1o 2020 <strong>Colombia<\/strong>, as\u00ed como, <strong>M\u00e9xico <\/strong>en 2021 estableci\u00f3 que la investigaci\u00f3n cosm\u00e9tica no podr\u00e1 incluir pruebas en animales y que tampoco se podr\u00e1n fabricar, importar ni comercializar productos cosm\u00e9ticos cuando su formulaci\u00f3n final haya sido testeada en animales o cuando contenga productos que lo hayan sido.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2><strong>La b\u00fasqueda de alternativas en cosm\u00e9ticos,<\/strong><\/h2><p>Seg\u00fan el Reglamento de Cosm\u00e9ticos (Comisi\u00f3n Europea), est\u00e1 prohibido en la Uni\u00f3n Europea comercializar cualquier producto cosm\u00e9tico que haya sido probado en animales. Esto significa que la industria cosm\u00e9tica debe tener enfoques alternativos disponibles para probar la seguridad de los ingredientes de los productos de consumo.<\/p><p>La <strong>irritaci\u00f3n de ojos<\/strong> es una de las pruebas m\u00e1s cl\u00e1sicas realizadas en animales, usualmente es conejos y es utilizado para evaluar cosm\u00e9ticos e ingredientes de cosm\u00e9ticos. Este m\u00e9todo es muy controversial y, por eso, el esfuerzo por desarrollar m\u00e9todos alternativos.<\/p><p>Un m\u00e9todo alternativo es la utilizaci\u00f3n de un epitelio similar a la c\u00f3rnea humana reconstruido (RhCE), que imita de cerca el propiedades histol\u00f3gicas, morfol\u00f3gicas, bioqu\u00edmicas y fisiol\u00f3gicas del epitelio corneal humano. Se describe como un procedimiento in vitro que permite identificar qu\u00edmicos que no irritan ni da\u00f1an el ojo.<\/p><p>A lo largo del tiempo, m\u00e1s m\u00e9todos alternativos fueron desarrollados, pero, hasta ahora, <strong>ninguno fue capaz de reemplazar completamente las pruebas en conejos<\/strong>;ya que, estos m\u00e9todos in vitro est\u00e1n relacionado con un punto especifico en la irritaci\u00f3n ocular y solo proporciona informaci\u00f3n parcial del efecto que genera en el ojo el material probado.<\/p><p>Los investigadores y la industria de cosm\u00e9ticos est\u00e1n haciendo un gran esfuerzo para desarrollar m\u00e9todos alternativos para reemplazar por completo las pruebas en animales.<\/p><h2><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2><h2><strong>El desarrollo transdermal<\/strong><\/h2><p>El creciente inter\u00e9s en f\u00e1rmacos transdermales ha llevado al desarrollo de nuevos procedimientos<strong> para la evaluaci\u00f3n de la toxicidad local y la permeaci\u00f3n transdermal <\/strong>de estos productos.<\/p><p>Idealmente, las pruebas de los sistemas de administraci\u00f3n t\u00f3pica deben realizarse in vivo.<\/p><p>Sin embargo, es a menudo imposible, especialmente en etapas de desarrollo, cuando la toxicidad o irritabilidad de los nuevos f\u00e1rmacos no est\u00e1n documentadas. Es por esto que las pruebas in vitro se volvieron tema importante en este campo.<\/p><p>La piel puede ser definida como un \u00f3rgano constituido por dos capas de diferente estructura y funci\u00f3n. La epidermis, capa externa carente de irrigaci\u00f3n sangu\u00ednea, est\u00e1 formada por el estrato c\u00f3rneo formado por c\u00e9lulas muertas sumergidas en l\u00edpidos que constituyen la principal barrera de protecci\u00f3n. La porci\u00f3n m\u00e1s profunda de la piel, la dermis, es una regi\u00f3n altamente vascularizada e inervada que contiene las distintas estructuras que caracterizan a la piel: fol\u00edculos pilosos, gl\u00e1ndulas sudor\u00edparas, gl\u00e1ndulas seb\u00e1ceas y linf\u00e1ticos. <strong>Esta compleja estructura dificulta su copia experimental.<\/strong><\/p><p>Las pruebas en laboratorios requieren de una membrana que imite la funci\u00f3n del estrato corneo. Con este fin, se investigaron diferentes tipos de membranas, tanto biol\u00f3gicas como sint\u00e9ticas, que podr\u00edan ser de potencial uso para las pruebas in vitro.<\/p><p>Se han investigado varios modelos animales por su utilidad en la predicci\u00f3n cin\u00e9tica de absorci\u00f3n percut\u00e1nea. La piel animal difiere de la humana en aspectos como su grosor, en la composici\u00f3n bioqu\u00edmica del estrato c\u00f3rneo y, especialmente, en la densidad de los fol\u00edculos pilosos y gl\u00e1ndulas.<\/p><p><strong>Se han desarrollado diversos reemplazantes artificiales<\/strong>a las pieles animales, as\u00ed como tambi\u00e9n modelos computacionales, in silico, para los estudios de permeaci\u00f3n y toxicidad. En general estos reemplazantes artificiales son utilizados para los estudios de toxicidad y no lo son, a\u00fan, tanto para los ensayos de permeaci\u00f3n, donde es necesario alto grado de equivalencia entre el test con membranas artificiales y piel humana. Existen por ejemplo diversos modelos de piel obtenidos a partir de keratinocitos cultivados sobre membranas artificiales, por ejemplo, EpiSkin\u2122, EpiDerm\u2122 and LabCyte\u2122. Tambi\u00e9n se utilizan modelos fabricados solamente con membranas artificiales, Skin-PAMPA\u2122, que tienen alto grado de aceptaci\u00f3n.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><h2><strong>\u00bfCu\u00e1l es el futuro de esta b\u00fasqueda?<\/strong><\/h2><p>En la actualidad, numerosos pa\u00edses se est\u00e1n sumando a la aceptaci\u00f3n y cumplimiento de las 3R (Remplazo, Reducci\u00f3n, Refinamiento), sancionando medidas regulatorias.<\/p><p>La combinaci\u00f3n de estudios \"in silico\" con la utilizaci\u00f3n de membranas artificiales para los estudios de toxicidad y permeabilidad podr\u00edan proporcionar las herramientas necesarias para poder obtener una metodolog\u00eda que no requiera animales de laboratorio.<\/p><p>En <strong>Amarin <\/strong>nos esforzamos cada d\u00eda por cumplir con las 3R y lograr tecnolog\u00edas de desarrollo que nos permitan ac\u00e9rcanos al abandono de la utilizaci\u00f3n de animales<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div 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m\u00e9dicos.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":8724,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,20,22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8721","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-industry-and-society","category-industry-challenges","category-technology"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Search for alternative methods for animal experimentation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In recent years, laboratories have been investigating new alternatives to eliminate or avoid animal testing of cosmetic and medical products.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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