In a previous blog, we described how scientific work was primarily disseminated through a method initiated in the 17th century, almost simultaneously in Paris and London. A manuscript containing key findings or data was sent to a prestigious entity in the field (academy, university, or professional colleges), whose members decided whether to publish it in the association’s journal. Reviewing the material and the decision to publish were not governed by rules but by the judgment of the institution’s members. This system persisted until the 20th century when the increase in scientific activity and the predominance of publication by commercial publishers not linked to research led to the role of manuscript reviewer and the emergence of Peer Review. This figure is crucial because it guarantees the originality and importance of the manuscript and enables its publication in the journal.